Reference
Sources & Credits
This site is built on the principle that every claim should be checkable. Here is where the words and pictures come from — and the licences that let us share them.
How the text is sourced
The biography and science on this site are based primarily on the English and German Wikipedia articles on Albert Einstein and the related topic pages linked throughout (relativity, the photoelectric effect, the Einstein–Szilárd letter, and so on). Each section ends with the specific references it draws on.
Select bibliography
- Walter Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe (Simon & Schuster, 2007).
- Abraham Pais, ‘Subtle is the Lord’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein (Oxford, 1982).
- Alice Calaprice (ed.), The Ultimate Quotable Einstein (Princeton, 2010).
- John Stachel (ed.), Einstein's Miraculous Year (Princeton, 1998).
- Fred Jerome & Rodger Taylor, Einstein on Race and Racism (Rutgers, 2005).
- The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein — Princeton University Press.
- NobelPrize.org — The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921.
Image credits
Every image on this site is in the public domain or under a free Creative Commons licence, and is hosted locally (never hot-linked), so that no visitor data is sent to third parties. Each image also carries its credit directly beneath it on the page. The complete list:
| Image | Author / source | Licence | File |
|---|---|---|---|
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Ferdinand Schmutzer (restoration: Adam Cuerden) | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Orren Jack Turner, Princeton, N.J. | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Orren Jack Turner | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Nobel Foundation (photo possibly Herman Mishkin) | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Unknown photographer (ETH-Bibliothek Zürich) | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Unknown author | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Unknown (unattributed) | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Authorities of the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Lucien Chavan | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Unknown author (ETH-Bibliothek Zürich) | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Underwood & Underwood, New York | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Benjamin Couprie, Institut International de Physique Solvay | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Paul Ehrenfest | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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F. W. Dyson, A. S. Eddington & C. Davidson | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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NASA, ESA & STScI | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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NASA / ESA | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Albert Einstein & Leó Szilárd (letter text) | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Al Aumuller, New York World-Telegram & Sun | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Archivo General de la Nación, Argentina | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Albert Einstein (vectorised by Scewing) | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration | CC BY 4.0 | Wikimedia Commons |
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Johnstone (Wikipedia) | CC BY-SA 3.0 | Wikimedia Commons |
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MOBle (Wikipedia) | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Michael Schmid / DB (Wikimedia Commons) | CC BY-SA 3.0 | Wikimedia Commons |
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JRobbins59 (Wikipedia) | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Wolfmankurd (Wikipedia) | CC BY-SA 3.0 | Wikimedia Commons |
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Gpvos (Wikipedia) | CC BY-SA 3.0 | Wikimedia Commons |
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Markus Pössel / Pbroks13 (Wikimedia Commons) | CC BY-SA 3.0 | Wikimedia Commons |
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Roque345 (Wikipedia) | CC BY 3.0 | Wikimedia Commons |
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Coldcreation (Wikipedia) | CC BY-SA 3.0 | Wikimedia Commons |
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LucasVB | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Leó Szilárd & Albert Einstein; scan: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library & Museum | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Leó Szilárd & Albert Einstein; scan: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library & Museum | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Unknown photographer (probably Caltech) | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Harland & Wolff (National Museums NI) | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Oursana | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Unknown photographer (Ghent University Library) | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Paul Hermans | CC BY-SA 4.0 | Wikimedia Commons |
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UK Home Office (photo of the 1933 landing card) | CC BY 2.0 | Wikimedia Commons |
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Unknown photographer, distributed by ACME Newspictures | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Wanda von Debschitz-Kunowski | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
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Unknown photographer (in Anton Reiser, Albert Einstein: A Biographical Portrait, 1930) | Public domain | Wikimedia Commons |
All files are sourced via Wikimedia Commons. If you believe any credit here is incomplete or incorrect, please get in touch via the imprint.
The map of Einstein's places of residence on the timeline page is drawn from Natural Earth data (public domain) and shows today's borders.